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Liquid metal material genome: Initiation of a new research track towards discovery of advanced energy

Lei WANG, Jing LIU

《能源前沿(英文)》 2013年 第7卷 第3期   页码 317-332 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0271-9

摘要: As the basis of modern industry, the roles materials play are becoming increasingly vital in this day and age. With many superior physical properties over conventional fluids, the low melting point liquid metal material, especially room-temperature liquid metal, is recently found to be uniquely useful in a wide variety of emerging areas from energy, electronics to medical sciences. However, with the coming enormous utilization of such materials, serious issues also arise which urgently need to be addressed. A biggest concern to impede the large scale application of room-temperature liquid metal technologies is that there is currently a strong shortage of the materials and species available to meet the tough requirements such as cost, melting point, electrical and thermal conductivity, etc. Inspired by the Material Genome Initiative as issued in 2011 by the United States of America, a more specific and focused project initiative was proposed in this paper—the liquid metal material genome aimed to discover advanced new functional alloys with low melting point so as to fulfill various increasing needs. The basic schemes and road map for this new research program, which is expected to have a worldwide significance, were outlined. The theoretical strategies and experimental methods in the research and development of liquid metal material genome were introduced. Particularly, the calculation of phase diagram (CALPHAD) approach as a highly effective way for material design was discussed. Further, the first-principles (FP) calculation was suggested to combine with the statistical thermodynamics to calculate the thermodynamic functions so as to enrich the CALPHAD database of liquid metals. When the experimental data are too scarce to perform a regular treatment, the combination of FP calculation, cluster variation method (CVM) or molecular dynamics (MD), and CALPHAD, referred to as the mixed FP-CVM-CALPHAD method can be a promising way to solve the problem. Except for the theoretical strategies, several parallel processing experimental methods were also analyzed, which can help improve the efficiency of finding new liquid metal materials and reducing the cost. The liquid metal material genome proposal as initiated in this paper will accelerate the process of finding and utilization of new functional materials.

关键词: liquid metal material genome     energy material     material discovery     advanced material     room-temperature liquid alloy     thermodynamics     phase diagram    

Room-temperature hydrogenation of halogenated nitrobenzenes over metal–organic-framework-derived ultra-dispersed

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2022年 第16卷 第12期   页码 1782-1792 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2220-9

摘要: Ultra-dispersed Ni nanoparticles (7.5 nm) on nitrogen-doped carbon nanoneedles (Ni@NCNs) were prepared by simple pyrolysis of Ni-based metal–organic-framework for selective hydrogenation of halogenated nitrobenzenes to corresponding anilines. Two different crystallization methods (stirring and static) were compared and the optimal pyrolysis temperature was explored. Ni@NCNs were systematically characterized by wide analytical techniques. In the hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene, Ni@NCNs-600 (pyrolyzed at 600 °C) exhibited extraordinarily high performance with 77.9 h–1 catalytic productivity and > 99% p-chloroaniline selectivity at full p-chloronitrobenzene conversion under mild conditions (90 °C, 1.5 MPa H2), showing obvious superiority compared with reported Ni-based catalysts. Notably, the reaction smoothly proceeded at room temperature with full conversion and > 99% selectivity. Moreover, Ni@NCNs-600 afforded good tolerance to various nitroarenes substituted by sensitive groups (halogen, nitrile, keto, carboxylic, etc.), and could be easily recycled by magnetic separation and reused for 5 times without deactivation. The adsorption tests showed that the preferential adsorption of –NO2 on the catalyst can restrain the dehalogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene, thus achieving high p-chloroaniline selectivity. While the high activity can be attributed to high Ni dispersion, special morphology, and rich pore structure of the catalyst.

关键词: halogenated nitrobenzenes     room-temperature hydrogenation     Ni nanoparticles     nitrogen-doped carbon nanoneedles     metal–organic-framework    

Perspective on gallium-based room temperature liquid metal batteries

《能源前沿(英文)》 2022年 第16卷 第1期   页码 23-48 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0815-y

摘要: Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of deformable devices and epidermal electronics that are in urgent request for flexible batteries. The intrinsically soft and ductile conductive electrode materials can offer pivotal hints in extending the lifespan of devices under frequent deformation. Featuring inherent liquidity, metallicity, and biocompatibility, Ga-based room-temperature liquid metals (GBRTLMs) are potential candidates to fulfill the requirement of soft batteries. Herein, to illustrate the glamour of liquid components, high-temperature liquid metal batteries (HTLMBs) are briefly summarized from the aspects of principle, application, advantages, and drawbacks. Then, Ga-based liquid metals as main working electrodes in primary and secondary batteries are reviewed in terms of battery configurations, working mechanisms, and functions. Next, Ga-based liquid metals as auxiliary working electrodes in lithium and nonlithium batteries are also discussed, which work as functional self-healing additives to alleviate the degradation and enhance the durability and capacity of the battery system. After that, Ga-based liquid metals as interconnecting electrodes in multi-scenarios including photovoltaics solar cells, generators, and supercapacitors (SCs) are interpreted, respectively. The summary and perspective of Ga-based liquid metals as diverse battery materials are also focused on. Finally, it was suggested that tremendous endeavors are yet to be made in exploring the innovative battery chemistry, inherent reaction mechanism, and multifunctional integration of Ga-based liquid metal battery systems in the coming future.

关键词: liquid metals     soft electrodes     flexible batteries     deformable energy supply devices     epidermal electronics    

Room temperature liquid metal: its melting point, dominating mechanism and applications

Junheng FU, Chenglin ZHANG, Tianying LIU, Jing LIU

《能源前沿(英文)》 2020年 第14卷 第1期   页码 81-104 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0653-8

摘要: The room temperature liquid metal (LM) is recently emerging as a new class of versatile materials with fascinating characteristics mostly originated from its simultaneous metallic and liquid natures. The melting point is a typical parameter to describe the peculiarity of LM, and a pivotal factor to consider concerning its practical applications such as phase change materials (PCMs) and advanced thermal management. Therefore, the theoretical exploration into the melting point of LM is an essential issue, which can be of special value for the design of new LM materials with desired properties. So far, some available strategies such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and classical thermodynamic theory have been applied to perform correlative analysis. This paper is primarily dedicated to performing a comprehensive overview regarding typical theoretical strategies on analyzing the melting points. It, then, presents evaluations on several factors like components, pressure, size and supercooling that may be critical for melting processes of liquid metal. After that, it discusses applications associated with the characteristic of low melting points of LM. It is expected that a great many fundamental and practical works are to be conducted in the coming future.

关键词: melting point     liquid metal     crystal     thermodynamics     molecular dynamics    

A nano-scale alignment method for imprint lithography

WANG Li, LU Bing-heng, DING Yu-cheng, QIU Zhi-hui, LIU Hong-zhong

《机械工程前沿(英文)》 2006年 第1卷 第2期   页码 157-161 doi: 10.1007/s11465-006-0014-2

摘要: A novel nano-scale alignment technique based on moiré signal for room-temperature imprint lithography in the submicron realm is proposed. The moiré signals generated by two pairs of quadruple gratings on mold and wafer are optically projected onto two photo-detector arrays, then the detected moiré signals are used to estimate the alignment errors in the x and y directions. The experiment results indicate that complex differential moiré signal is sensitive to relative displacement of the mold and wafer, and the alignment accuracy obtained in the x and γ directions and in θ are 20 nm , 25 nm and 1 μrad (3σ), respectively. They can meet the requirements of alignment accuracy for submicron imprint lithography.

关键词: submicron     alignment accuracy     nano-scale alignment     quadruple     room-temperature    

Genomic and metabolomic analysis of with enhanced poly--glutamic acid production through atmospheric and roomtemperature plasma mutagenesis

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2022年 第16卷 第12期   页码 1751-1760 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2211-x

摘要: Poly-γ-glutamic acid is an extracellular polymeric substance with various applications owing to its valuable properties of biodegradability, flocculating activity, water solubility, and nontoxicity. However, the ability of natural strains to produce poly-γ-glutamic acid is low. Atmospheric and room temperature plasma was applied in this study to conduct mutation breeding of Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 2876, and a mutant strain M32 with an 11% increase in poly-γ-glutamic acid was obtained. Genome resequencing analysis identified 7 nonsynonymous mutations of ppsC encoding lipopeptide synthetase associated with poly-γ-glutamic acid metabolic pathways. From molecular docking, more binding sites and higher binding energy were speculated between the mutated plipastatin synthase subunit C and glutamate, which might contribute to the higher poly-γ-glutamic acid production. Moreover, the metabolic mechanism analysis revealed that the upregulated amino acids of M32 provided substrates for glutamate and promoted the conversion between L- and D-glutamate acids. In addition, the glycolytic pathway is enhanced, leading to a better capacity for using glucose. The maximum poly-γ-glutamic acid yield of 14.08 g·L–1 was finally reached with 30 g·L–1 glutamate.

关键词: ARTP mutagenesis     Bacillus licheniformis     poly-γ-glutamic acid     metabolomics    

Grindability of high-temperature alloy with ceramic alumina wheels

ZHANG Hongxia, CHEN Wuyi, CHEN Zhitong

《机械工程前沿(英文)》 2008年 第3卷 第2期   页码 139-145 doi: 10.1007/s11465-008-0040-3

摘要: The grindability of high-temperature alloy by using ceramic alumina wheels is studied on the basis of extensive analysis of the grinding force, grinding temperature, surface roughness and topography of ground surfaces, residual stress, hardness distribution of surface layer, and morphology of the surface layer from a metallographic point of view. The grinding burn mechanism of high-temperature alloy is unveiled and the feasible grinding parameters to avoid burning are analyzed. Some conclusions are obtained as follows. Increasing the grinding depth or the wheel velocity makes grinding temperature and residual tensile stress of the surface rise, which deteriorates the surface topography. Appropriate liner velocity of the wheel is 18–22 m/s and the depth of grinding should not exceed 0.02 mm in grinding GH2132 alloy with ceramic alumina wheels to assure the surface quality. When increases enough to cause grinding burn, the strengthening effect of particles ′ in base decrease and the micro-hardness of the surface is obviously lower than that of the base material, which deteriorates the mechanical properties and heat resistance of GH2132 alloy. Results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for technical optimization in the grinding of high-temperature alloy with high efficiency and high quality.

关键词: metallographic     topography     grinding GH2132     resistance     decrease    

Experimental investigation of liquid metal alloy based mini-channel heat exchanger for high power electronic

Manli LUO, Jing LIU

《能源前沿(英文)》 2013年 第7卷 第4期   页码 479-486 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0277-3

摘要: There is currently a growing demand for developing efficient techniques for cooling integrated electronic devices with ever increasing heat generation power. To better tackle the high-density heat dissipation difficulty within the limited space, this paper is dedicated to clarify the heat transfer behaviors of the liquid metal flowing in mini-channel exchangers with different geometric configurations. A series of comparative experiments using liquid metal alloy Ga68%In20%Sn12% as coolant were conducted under prescribed mass flow rates in three kinds of heat exchangers with varied geometric sizes. Meanwhile, numerical simulations for the heat exchangers under the same working conditions were also performed which well interpreted the experimental measurements. The simulated heat sources were all cooled down by these three heat dissipation apparatuses and the exchanger with the smallest channel width was found to have the largest mean heat transfer coefficient at all conditions due to its much larger heat transfer area. Further, the present work has also developed a correlation equation for characterizing the Nusselt number depending on Peclet number, which is applicable to the low Peclet number case with constant heat flux in the hydrodynamically developed and thermally developing region in the rectangular channel. This study is expected to provide valuable reference for designing future liquid metal based mini-channel heat exchanger.

关键词: heat exchanger     liquid metal     mini-channel     heat dissipation     heat transfer coefficient    

Comparative assessment of force, temperature, and wheel wear in sustainable grinding aerospace alloy

《机械工程前沿(英文)》 2023年 第18卷 第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0719-x

摘要: The substitution of biolubricant for mineral cutting fluids in aerospace material grinding is an inevitable development direction, under the requirements of the worldwide carbon emission strategy. However, serious tool wear and workpiece damage in difficult-to-machine material grinding challenges the availability of using biolubricants via minimum quantity lubrication. The primary cause for this condition is the unknown and complex influencing mechanisms of the biolubricant physicochemical properties on grindability. In this review, a comparative assessment of grindability is performed using titanium alloy, nickel-based alloy, and high-strength steel. Firstly, this work considers the physicochemical properties as the main factors, and the antifriction and heat dissipation behaviours of biolubricant in a high temperature and pressure interface are comprehensively analysed. Secondly, the comparative assessment of force, temperature, wheel wear and workpiece surface for titanium alloy, nickel-based alloy, and high-strength steel confirms that biolubricant is a potential replacement of traditional cutting fluids because of its improved lubrication and cooling performance. High-viscosity biolubricant and nano-enhancers with high thermal conductivity are recommended for titanium alloy to solve the burn puzzle of the workpiece. Biolubricant with high viscosity and high fatty acid saturation characteristics should be used to overcome the bottleneck of wheel wear and nickel-based alloy surface burn. The nano-enhancers with high hardness and spherical characteristics are better choices. Furthermore, a different option is available for high-strength steel grinding, which needs low-viscosity biolubricant to address the debris breaking difficulty and wheel clogging. Finally, the current challenges and potential methods are proposed to promote the application of biolubricant.

关键词: grinding     aerospace     difficult-to-machine material     biolubricant     physicochemical property     grindability    

Direct writing of electronics based on alloy and metal (DREAM) ink: A newly emerging area and its impact

Qin ZHANG, Yi ZHENG, Jing LIU

《能源前沿(英文)》 2012年 第6卷 第4期   页码 311-340 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0214-x

摘要: Electronics, such as printed circuit board (PCB), transistor, radio frequency identification (RFID), organic light emitting diode (OLED), solar cells, electronic display, lab on a chip (LOC), sensor, actuator, and transducer etc. are playing increasingly important roles in people’s daily life. Conventional fabrication strategy towards integrated circuit (IC), requesting at least six working steps, generally consumes too much energy, material and water, and is not environmentally friendly. During the etching process, a large amount of raw materials have to be abandoned. Besides, lithography and microfabrication are typically carried out in “Cleanroom” which restricts the location of IC fabrication and leads to high production costs. As an alternative, the newly emerging ink-jet printing electronics are gradually shaping modern electronic industry and its related areas, owing to the invention of a series of conductive inks composed of polymer matrix, conductive fillers, solvents and additives. Nevertheless, the currently available methods also encounter some technical troubles due to the low electroconductivity, complex sythesis and sintering process of the inks. As an alternative, a fundamentally different strategy was recently proposed by the authors’ lab towards truly direct writing of electronics through introduction of a new class of conductive inks made of low melting point liquid metal or its alloy. The method has been named as direct writing of electronics based on alloy and metal (DREAM) ink. A series of functional circuits, sensors, electronic elements and devices can thus be easily written on various either soft or rigid substrates in a moment. With more and more technical progresses and fundamental discoveries being kept made along this category, it was found that a new area enabled by the DREAM ink electronics is emerging, which would have tremendous impacts on future energy and environmental sciences. In order to promote the research and development along this direction, the present paper is dedicated to draft a comprehensive picture on the DREAM ink technology by summarizing its most basic features and principles. Some important low melting point metal ink candidates, especially the room temperature liquid metals such as gallium and its alloy, were collected, listed and analyzed. The merits and demerits between conventional printed electronics and the new direct writing methods were comparatively evaluated. Important scientific issues and technical strategies to modify the DREAM ink were suggested and potential application areas were proposed. Further, digestions on the impacts of the new technology among energy, health, and environmental sciences were presented. Meanwhile, some practical challenges, such as security, environment-friendly feature, steady usability, package, etc. were summarized. It is expected that the DREAM ink technology will initiate a series of unconventional applications in modern society, and even enter into peoples’ daily life in the near future.

关键词: direct writing of electronics based on alloy and metal (DREAM) ink     direct writing of electronics     printed electronics     liquid metal ink     integrated circuit     consumer electronics     nano liquid metal    

Liquid-based high-temperature receiver technologies for next-generation concentrating solar power: A

《能源前沿(英文)》 2023年 第17卷 第1期   页码 16-42 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0866-8

摘要: To reduce the levelized cost of energy for concentrating solar power (CSP), the outlet temperature of the solar receiver needs to be higher than 700 °C in the next-generation CSP. Because of extensive engineering application experience, the liquid-based receiver is an attractive receiver technology for the next-generation CSP. This review is focused on four of the most promising liquid-based receivers, including chloride salts, sodium, lead-bismuth, and tin receivers. The challenges of these receivers and corresponding solutions are comprehensively reviewed and classified. It is concluded that combining salt purification and anti-corrosion receiver materials is promising to tackle the corrosion problems of chloride salts at high temperatures. In addition, reducing energy losses of the receiver from sources and during propagation is the most effective way to improve the receiver efficiency. Moreover, resolving the sodium fire risk and material compatibility issues could promote the potential application of liquid-metal receivers. Furthermore, using multiple heat transfer fluids in one system is also a promising way for the next-generation CSP. For example, the liquid sodium is used as the heat transfer fluid while the molten chloride salt is used as the storage medium. In the end, suggestions for future studies are proposed to bridge the research gaps for > 700 °C liquid-based receivers.

关键词: next-generation concentrating solar power     liquid-based solar receiver     molten salt     liquid metals    

Effects of temperature on pyrolysis products of oil sludge

LIU Jianguo, SONG Wei, NIE Yongfeng

《环境科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2008年 第2卷 第1期   页码 8-14 doi: 10.1007/s11783-008-0030-z

摘要: Temperature is the determining factor of pyrolysis, which is one of the alternative technologies for oil sludge treatment. The effects of final operating temperature ranging from 350 to 550°C on pyrolysis products of oil sludge were studied in an externally-heating fixed bed reactor. With an increase of temperature, the mass fraction of solid residues, liquids, and gases in the final product is 67.00%–56.00%, 25.60%–32.35%, and 7.40%–11.65%, and their corresponding heat values are 34.4–13.8 MJ/kg, 44.41–46.6 MJ/kg, and 23.94–48.23 MJ/Nm, respectively. The mass and energy tend to shift from solid to liquid and gas phase (especially to liquid phase) during the process, and the optimum temperature for oil sludge pyrolysis is 500°C. The liquid phase is mainly composed of alkane and alkene (C–C), and the gas phase is dominantly HC and H.

关键词: sludge treatment     corresponding     Temperature     liquid     process    

Liquid metal as energy transportation medium or coolant under harsh environment with temperature below

Yunxia GAO, Lei WANG, Haiyan LI, Jing LIU

《能源前沿(英文)》 2014年 第8卷 第1期   页码 49-61 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0285-3

摘要: The current highly integrated electronics and energy systems are raising a growing demand for more sophisticated thermal management in harsh environments such as in space or some other cryogenic environment. Recently, it was found that room temperature liquid metals (RTLM) such as gallium or its alloys could significantly reduce the electronics temperature compared with the conventional coolant, like water, oil or more organic fluid. However, most of the works were focused on RTLM which may subject to freeze under low temperature. So far, a systematic interpretation on the preparation and thermal properties of liquid metals under low temperature (here defined as lower than 0°C) has not yet been available and related applications in cryogenic field have been scarce. In this paper, to promote the research along this important direction and to overcome the deficiency of RTLM, a comprehensive evaluation was proposed on the concept of liquid metal with a low melting point below zero centigrade, such as mercury, alkali metal and more additional alloy candidates. With many unique virtues, such liquid metal coolants are expected to open a new technical frontier for heat transfer enhancement, especially in low temperature engineering. Some innovative ways for making low melting temperature liquid metal were outlined to provide a clear theoretical guideline and perform further experiments to discover new materials. Further, a few promising applied situations where low melting temperature liquid metals could play irreplaceable roles were detailed. Finally, some main factors for optimization of low temperature coolant were summarized. Overall, with their evident merits to meet various critical requirements in modern advanced energy and power industries, liquid metals with a low melting temperature below zero centigrade are expected to be the next-generation high-performance heat transfer medium in thermal managements, especially in harsh environment in space.

关键词: liquid metal     cryogenics     low melting point     thermal management     aircraft     liquid cooling     space exploration    

含铬废水常温合成铬铁矿的结晶行为及稳定性 Article

吕晋芳, 全英聪, 童雄, 彭勇军, 郑永兴

《工程(英文)》 2022年 第9卷 第2期   页码 67-76 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.12.018

摘要:

铁氧体法不仅能净化含重金属废水,而且能从废水中回收有价金属。因此,铁氧体法被认为是一种处理含铬废水最具潜力的技术。然而,由于高的合成温度,该技术尚未在工业上得到广泛应用。本文对常温合成铬铁矿的可行性进行全面研究。考查了关键因素对出水水质、合成产物结晶行为和稳定性的影响。结果表明,经过常温铁氧体法处理后,废水中铬的去除率超过99.0%,上清液中铬的浓度达到污水排放标准。提高充气速率、搅拌速率和反应时间有利于稳定铬铁矿的形成。通过常温铁氧体法获得的颗粒结构致密,最大粒径可达52 μm。在合成过程中,铬逐渐地进入尖晶石晶体结构,合成铬铁矿的分子式为Fe3-xCrxO4,其中x约0.30。为阐明常温环境下铬铁矿的合成机理,提出了微观反应路径。本研究为铁氧体法在含铬废水净化和综合利用方面的工业应用奠定了基础。

关键词: 含铬废水     铬铁矿合成     常温     结晶行为     稳定性    

A modified zone model for estimating equivalent room thermal capacity

Hua CHEN, Xiaolin WANG

《能源前沿(英文)》 2013年 第7卷 第3期   页码 351-357 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0254-x

摘要: The zone model has been widely applied in control analysis of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to achieve a high building efficiency. This paper proposed a modified zone model which is much simpler in the HVAC system simulation and has the similar accuracy to the complicated simulation model. The proposed model took into consideration the effect of envelop heat reservoir on the room indoor temperature by introducing the thermal admittance of the inner surfaces of the building enclosure. The thermal admittance for the building enclosure was developed based on the building thermal network analytical theory and transfer function method. The efficacy of the proposed model was demonstrated by comparing it with the complicated model — heat balance method (HTB2 program). The predicted results from the proposed model well agreed with those from the complicated simulation. The proposed model can then make the HVAC system dynamic simulation much faster and more acceptable for control design due to its simplicity and efficiency.

关键词: room model     thermal network analysis     transfer function     heating     ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system simulation    

标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Liquid metal material genome: Initiation of a new research track towards discovery of advanced energy

Lei WANG, Jing LIU

期刊论文

Room-temperature hydrogenation of halogenated nitrobenzenes over metal–organic-framework-derived ultra-dispersed

期刊论文

Perspective on gallium-based room temperature liquid metal batteries

期刊论文

Room temperature liquid metal: its melting point, dominating mechanism and applications

Junheng FU, Chenglin ZHANG, Tianying LIU, Jing LIU

期刊论文

A nano-scale alignment method for imprint lithography

WANG Li, LU Bing-heng, DING Yu-cheng, QIU Zhi-hui, LIU Hong-zhong

期刊论文

Genomic and metabolomic analysis of with enhanced poly--glutamic acid production through atmospheric and roomtemperature plasma mutagenesis

期刊论文

Grindability of high-temperature alloy with ceramic alumina wheels

ZHANG Hongxia, CHEN Wuyi, CHEN Zhitong

期刊论文

Experimental investigation of liquid metal alloy based mini-channel heat exchanger for high power electronic

Manli LUO, Jing LIU

期刊论文

Comparative assessment of force, temperature, and wheel wear in sustainable grinding aerospace alloy

期刊论文

Direct writing of electronics based on alloy and metal (DREAM) ink: A newly emerging area and its impact

Qin ZHANG, Yi ZHENG, Jing LIU

期刊论文

Liquid-based high-temperature receiver technologies for next-generation concentrating solar power: A

期刊论文

Effects of temperature on pyrolysis products of oil sludge

LIU Jianguo, SONG Wei, NIE Yongfeng

期刊论文

Liquid metal as energy transportation medium or coolant under harsh environment with temperature below

Yunxia GAO, Lei WANG, Haiyan LI, Jing LIU

期刊论文

含铬废水常温合成铬铁矿的结晶行为及稳定性

吕晋芳, 全英聪, 童雄, 彭勇军, 郑永兴

期刊论文

A modified zone model for estimating equivalent room thermal capacity

Hua CHEN, Xiaolin WANG

期刊论文